Diagnosis and treatment
Finding the cause, then making a plan
A thorough investigation helps your veterinarian find the cause of your pet’s seizures, rule out treatable problems and choose the right treatment.
This guide explains the tests your veterinarian may recommend, how seizures are treated and how to live well with an epileptic pet.
Is your pet having a seizure right now?
Keep them safe and time it. Seek urgent veterinary advice after a first seizure, and go to the nearest emergency vet now if it continues for several minutes or repeats within 24 hours.
On this page
Investigation
How seizures are investigated
A complete workup helps rule out treatable causes, inside or outside the brain, before idiopathic epilepsy is diagnosed. The tests recommended depend on your pet’s age, history, and physical and neurological examination.
Blood tests and urinalysis
Usually the first step. They assess organ function and look for problems that can trigger seizures.
Common tests
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Biochemistry panel
- Electrolytes
- Urinalysis
- Thyroid testing, if indicated
MRI of the brain
Magnetic resonance imaging gives detailed pictures of the brain and is the most advanced imaging available. It’s done under general anesthesia.
It can show
- Brain tumors
- Inflammation or infection of the brain
- Head injury
- Strokes
- Abnormalities present from birth
Spinal fluid (CSF) analysis
A small sample of the fluid around the brain and spinal cord is collected, usually at the same time as an MRI.
It helps detect inflammation, infection or bleeding that may not show on imaging.
Other tests, as needed
Depending on your pet’s history and results, these can include bile acid or ammonia tests for liver function, tests for tick-borne and other infectious diseases, and blood pressure measurement.
A thorough investigation matters. Many conditions cause seizures, and some are treatable. Ruling them out also tells your veterinarian whether your pet’s seizures are due to idiopathic epilepsy, which is essential for an effective treatment plan.
Treatment
How seizures are treated
Treatment depends on the cause. When an underlying problem is found, such as low blood sugar or a toxin, treating it may stop the seizures. For epilepsy, anti-seizure medication aims to reduce how often seizures happen, how long they last and how severe they are, while keeping a good quality of life.
When medication is usually started
- two or more seizures within 6 months
- cluster seizures (two or more within 24 hours)
- a seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes (status epilepticus)
- seizures that are becoming more frequent, longer or more severe
- a cause inside the brain, such as inflammation or a tumor
- a very long or difficult recovery after seizures
Common anti-seizure medications
Phenobarbital
One of the oldest and most widely used options, for dogs and cats. It’s effective and affordable, and blood levels are checked with regular tests.
Levetiracetam
Used in dogs and cats, on its own or added to another medication. It’s usually given several times a day unless an extended-release form is used.
Potassium bromide
Often used with phenobarbital in dogs. It isn’t used in cats because it can cause serious lung disease.
Imepitoin
Available for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy in some countries.
Using medication safely
Medication safety
- Never stop anti-seizure medication suddenly. It can trigger severe seizures, clusters or status epilepticus.
- Don’t change the dose without talking to your veterinarian.
- Don’t run out: order repeats several days before you need them.
Monitoring and rescue medication
Regular check-ups and blood tests help your veterinarian adjust the dose and watch for side effects. With phenobarbital, a blood level is usually checked about 2 weeks after starting or changing the dose, then every 6 to 12 months once stable.
Your veterinarian may also prescribe a rescue medication to give at home for prolonged seizures or clusters. Follow their instructions on when to give it and when to go to an emergency hospital.
Diet can help some dogs: diets enriched with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil have reduced seizures in some dogs with idiopathic epilepsy when added to medication.
For pet owners
Living with an epileptic pet
Managing epilepsy is about balance. Complete control isn’t always possible, and many dogs still have occasional breakthrough seizures on treatment. The aim is to reduce how often seizures happen, how severe they are and how long they last, while supporting your pet’s quality of life and your peace of mind.
Seizure control
Reduce how often seizures happen, and how severe they are, to a safe and manageable level.
Cost of care
Medication and monitoring costs should be manageable for your household.
Quality of life
For your pet and your family, emotionally, practically and socially.
What the research tells us
Lifespan isn’t necessarily shortened
Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy can have a normal lifespan when seizures are well managed and there’s no other underlying disease.
Clusters and status epilepticus matter
Dogs that have cluster seizures or status epilepticus have a higher risk of complications and a poorer outlook, so these need prompt treatment.
Quality of life drives decisions
Studies show the most common cause of early death in dogs with epilepsy is euthanasia, often because of a perceived poor quality of life rather than the epilepsy itself.
Your perspective matters
How owners feel epilepsy affects their household is one of the strongest predictors of how a dog with epilepsy does long term. Talk openly with your veterinary team.
Tips for everyday management
- Keep a routine and stay organized. A seizure diary helps you track how often seizures happen, how long they last, possible triggers and how your pet responds to medication.
- Organize medication. Pill organizers, phone reminders, medication charts and apps help keep doses consistent.
- Plan for when you’re away. If no one is home during the day, a pet camera can show you what happened.
- Prepare for emergencies. Know your nearest emergency hospital and keep any rescue medication and instructions handy.
Living with an epileptic pet can be challenging, but you’re not alone. With the right plan, realistic goals and support from your veterinary team, most pets can enjoy a good quality of life, and so can you.
Free printable tools
- Seizure diary
- Medication planner
- Seizure profile and emergency planner
Print them, fill them in and take them to your veterinarian, or use the free Seizure Diary app.
Questions owners ask
Common questions
If your question is about your own pet, your veterinarian is the best person to ask.
Does my pet need an MRI?
Not always. Your veterinarian will recommend an MRI when a cause inside the brain is more likely, for example if seizures start very young or later in life, or the neurological examination is abnormal. They’ll discuss the benefits, the anesthetic and the cost with you.
How long does medication take to work?
Some medications work within days, but others take time to reach a stable level. Phenobarbital, for example, takes about 2 weeks, so seizures in the first weeks don’t necessarily mean it isn’t working.
Will my pet need medication for life?
Most pets with idiopathic epilepsy need long-term medication. If seizures are caused by a treatable problem, medication may be needed for a shorter time. Your veterinarian will guide any changes.
What side effects are common?
Early on, sleepiness, wobbliness, increased thirst and increased appetite are common with some medications, and they often improve over the first few weeks. Tell your veterinarian about any side effects, and never stop medication suddenly.
Can my veterinarian get a neurologist’s opinion?
Yes. Your veterinarian can book an online case consultation with Dr. Dillon to discuss your pet’s tests and treatment options.