Cognitive dysfunction
Changes in older pets
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a gradual, age-related decline in brain function in older dogs and cats. In some ways it’s similar to dementia in people.
It’s common in senior pets and is often mistaken for normal aging. It can’t be cured, but there’s a lot you and your veterinarian can do to slow it down and keep your pet comfortable.
Sudden changes need prompt attention
Cognitive dysfunction develops slowly. If your pet suddenly becomes confused, starts circling, collapses or has a seizure, contact your veterinarian promptly, because another condition may be the cause.
On this page
Signs to look for
Signs of cognitive dysfunction
The signs usually develop slowly. Noting when you first saw each change helps your veterinarian.
Disorientation
Getting lost or stuck in familiar places, staring at walls or waiting at the wrong side of a door.
Changes in interactions
Less interest in family members or other pets, or becoming more irritable or clingy.
Sleep changes
Sleeping more during the day, and waking, pacing or vocalizing at night.
House soiling
Forgetting house training, or toileting indoors or outside the litter box.
Activity changes
Less play and exploring, or restless, aimless wandering.
Anxiety and memory
New fears, anxiety when left alone, or forgetting familiar cues and routines.
Diagnosis
Ruling out other causes
Many medical problems in older pets cause similar signs, and some are very treatable. Cognitive dysfunction is diagnosed when the signs fit and these causes have been ruled out or treated.
Your veterinarian will usually check for
- pain, such as arthritis or dental disease
- loss of sight or hearing
- urinary tract, kidney or liver disease
- hormonal disease, such as an overactive thyroid in cats or Cushing’s disease in dogs
- high blood pressure, especially in cats
- brain disease, such as a tumor
For pet owners
Helping your pet live well
Small changes at home, together with your veterinarian’s advice, can make a real difference.
Keep a routine
Regular times for meals, walks and bed help a confused pet feel secure. Try not to rearrange the furniture.
Keep the mind active
Short walks, gentle play, food puzzles and short training sessions with treats keep the brain engaged.
Diet and supplements
Diets and supplements with antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids or medium-chain triglycerides may help some pets. Ask your veterinarian which is suitable.
Medication
Your veterinarian may suggest medication to support brain function or to help with sleep and anxiety. The options differ between dogs and cats, and between countries.
Night waking: an evening walk, a night light and a comfortable, quiet sleeping spot can help. Talk to your veterinarian if your pet’s sleep is disrupted.
Questions owners ask
Common questions
If your question is about your own pet, your veterinarian is the best person to ask.
Is cognitive dysfunction just normal aging?
No. Some slowing down is normal, but confusion, night waking and house soiling are worth discussing with your veterinarian.
Can cognitive dysfunction be cured?
No, but treatment and changes at home can slow it and improve your pet’s quality of life. Starting early tends to help most.
Does it affect cats too?
Yes. Older cats can develop it, often with night-time vocalizing, toileting outside the litter box and changes in how they interact.
When should I see the vet?
As soon as you notice changes. Some causes of similar signs are treatable, and early support helps.